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<title>alandun的博客</title>
<link>http://blogger.org.cn/blog/blog.asp?name=alandun</link>
<description>alandun的博客</description>
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<title><![CDATA[基于语义的Web服务自动化技术（续）]]></title>
<link>http://blogger.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=alandun&amp;id=12202</link>
<author>alandun</author>
<pubDate>2006/3/3 22:15:45</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>4.1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>DAML-S</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Web</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务发现自动化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT> 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">来描述了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的性能及其执行效果。在进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发布时，可以将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务描述绑定在一起，即使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">TModel</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的服务描述进行编码。这样，在进行服务发现时，也就是在对服务进行匹配时就需要一个基于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML+OIL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">逻辑推理的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务匹配引擎，其结构如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务请求者向</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发出请求（包括服务功能描述和可以提供的输入以及期望的输出），则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将该请求转换成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">形式，再将其交给匹配引擎。然后匹配引擎利用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML+OIL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">推理机对功能描述进行基于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML Ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">库和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务描述库的灵活匹配，得到一些满足条件的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务。当然，这种匹配不是简单的基于关键字方式，而是基于语义约束的模糊匹配。例如客户需要购买猫粮，由于猫是宠物的一种，所以宠物食品店提供的宠物食品出售服务会被选中，而这是传统的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无法做到的。接着再使用匹配引擎逐个检查找到的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的输入是否是请求者所提供的输入的子集和其输出是否包含请求者所期望的输出；这样匹配率最高的服务就是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务发现的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目标。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>4.2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>DAML-S</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Web</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务执行自动化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为了实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务执行自动化，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Grounding</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">定义代理该如何访问</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，包括代理和服务之间的交互信息、服务的输入输出和服务执行时机等。然后类似</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">BPEL4WS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">定义服务之间的交互过程，即规定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务所完成的所有任务（此处任务可以是一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务）、执行任务的顺序，并在服务执行过程中监控各个服务的状态。当然在上述过程中已经涉及到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务组合自动化，接下来有更详细的叙述。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>4.3 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>DAML-S</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">Web</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务组合自动化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 156%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">把一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务认为是一个过程（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），因而用过程模型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）来描述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的执行和组合。过程模型主要由两部分组成：过程模型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和过程控制模型（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Control Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。其中过程模型描述了服务组件的操作或者进程，说明了服务规划、组合信息以及代理和服务之间的配合；过程控制模型则允许代理对服务执行过程进行监控。而且</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">针对这两部分定义了过程本体论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和过程控制本体论（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Control Ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">勿庸置疑，过程本体论中最基本的实体类型是过程（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。一个过程应该有一些输入和一些输出。另外，要执行一个过程还可能需要一些前置条件，例如可能需要特殊的设备、某些参数（譬如压力）要达到一定的阀值等等。当然，过程执行完成之后会产生一定的效应。因此一个过程具有如下属性：前置条件、参数和执行结果，其中参数又包括输入、输出参数和参与者信息。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">过程可以被分为两种：基本过程（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Primitive Process</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）和组合过程（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Composite Process</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。组合过程继承于过程，是但是比过程多了一个称为组件的属性。一个组合过程是由多个子基本过程或子组合过程嵌套组成。而组件属性就描述了这些子过程的执行顺序和条件。基于组合方式的不同，组合过程分为以下几类：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Sequence</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Split</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Split + Join</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Choice</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Unordered</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Condition</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">If-Then-Else</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Iterate</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Repeat-While</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Repeat-Until.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。利用这些组合过程就可以完成对现实中组合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的建模。下面举一个例子来说明如何使用过程模型来实现自动化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">假设客户要通过名称为<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>的<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务到亚马逊网上书店购买一本书。整个购买过程又可以分解为以下几个简单的<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务：找到适当的书籍（<SPAN lang=EN-US>LocateBook</SPAN>）、放入购物车（<SPAN lang=EN-US>PutInCart</SPAN>）、付款（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Payment</SPAN>）等。因此<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>是一个组合<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务。下面首先将<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>定义成过程。此时的<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>过程还是一个整体过程，即没有被展开。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class rdf:ID="AmazonBuyBook"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#Process"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdf:Property rdf:ID="bookName"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#input"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#AmazonBuyBook"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#string"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdf:Property&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdf:Property rdf:ID="eReceiptOutput"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#output"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:range rdf:resource="#EReceipt"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdf:Property&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdf:Property rdf:ID="creditCardValidity"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#parameter"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:range rdf:resource="#ValidityType"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdf:Property&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">在上述定义中，属性<SPAN lang=EN-US>bookName</SPAN>（书名）是过程<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>必需的一个输入参数；属性<SPAN lang=EN-US>eReceiptOutput</SPAN>（电子收据）是其输出，表示买书是否成功；而属性<SPAN lang=EN-US>creditCardValidity</SPAN>（信用卡有效性）是付款时要用到的信息，既不是输入，也不是输出。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三个简单<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务的过程定义如下：<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class rdf:ID="LocateBook"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#AmazonBuyBook"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class rdf:ID="PutInCart"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#AmazonBuyBook"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Payment"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#AmazonBuyBook"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">接着将<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>按顺序方式（<SPAN lang=EN-US>Sequence</SPAN>）扩展成<SPAN lang=EN-US>ExpandedAmazonBuyBook</SPAN>，并将其定义如下：<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;process:expand&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class&gt; rdfs:about ="#AmazonBuyBook"&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class&gt; rdfs:about ="#ExpandedAmazonBuyBook"&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/process:expand&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;rdfs:Class rdf:ID="ExpandedAmazonBuyBook"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Class rdf:about=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#Sequence"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:onProperty rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#components"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:toClass&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 52.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 5.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 63pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:onProperty rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#firstItem"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:toClass rdf:resource ="#LocateBook"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:onProperty rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#secondItem"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:toClass rdf:resource ="#PutInCart"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:onProperty rdf:resource=<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 47.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.5"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">"http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Process.daml#thirdItem"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 84pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;daml:toClass rdf:resource ="#Payment"/&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 63pt; mso-char-indent-count: 6.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:intersectionOf&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 52.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 5.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 42pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:toClass&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:Restriction&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/daml:intersectionOf&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&lt;/rdfs:Class&gt;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">有了上述定义，我们可以看到，调用执行<SPAN lang=EN-US>AmazonBuyBook</SPAN>的过程就是顺序执行<SPAN lang=EN-US>LocateBook</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>PutInCart</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Payment</SPAN>这三个简单<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务的过程。每一个过程的前置条件都是上一个服务的执行效果，而其执行效果则是下一个服务的前置条件。客户端</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">程序或代理只要给出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">AmazonBuyBook</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">需要的前置条件，则<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务基础构架（例如改进的<SPAN lang=EN-US>UDDI</SPAN>）就能</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动挑选、组装适当的简单</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，然后按顺序执行来完成任务，最后将执行效果返回给客户端，例如确认单、电子收款收据以及邮寄过来的实体书，而无需客户代理了解其中细节。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">这样就实现了<SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN>服务执行和组合自动化。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<H3 style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．结束语</SPAN></FONT></H3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尽管已经有类似</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">OWL-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等语言来描述语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，但还有许多的研究工作需要我们来完成。譬如如何将现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务语义进行完整描述，如何实现更精准的语义匹配引擎，如何进一步改进现有架构使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务更加自动化，组合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务语义保持问题等等；另外，语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的实现需要也更庞大详细的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">库的支持。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">From: <A href="http://www.xml.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=holysword&amp;id=2327">http://www.xml.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=holysword&amp;id=2327</A></SPAN></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[基于语义的Web服务自动化技术]]></title>
<link>http://blogger.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=alandun&amp;id=12201</link>
<author>alandun</author>
<pubDate>2006/3/3 22:09:36</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．引言</SPAN></FONT> 
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近年来，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务作为一种新兴的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应用模式，是一个崭新的分布式计算模型，是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上数据和信息集成的有效机制，发展非常迅速。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的目的是要解决异构平台上的数据和应用的整合与共享问题。单个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务可能只提供唯一的调用函数来完成一个单一的功能，而将多个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务进行有机组合就可以完成一系列的复杂任务，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">SOA</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Oriented Architecture</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）就是利用组合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务进行应用整合的构架。但是，现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务构架需要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务提供端和服务请求端的编程人员自己明确相互传递的消息的含义，然后对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务进行硬编码。这样至少存在两个问题：首先，如果单个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的交换模式发生了变动，则请求端必须由编程人员自己来应对变动；其次如果</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合中的某个服务被撤销，则组合者（编程者）必须亲自重新寻求适当的替换者，以维护其组合。最后，这种不能进行自动化重新配置的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务将是不灵活和难以维护的。因此我们需要智能的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，即实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的自动化。</SPAN></P>
<H3 style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务自动化</SPAN></FONT></H3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如上所述，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务自动化技术可以减少编程人员对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的直接干预，从而提高了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的灵活性，并且大大降低了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的维护成本。事实上，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务自动化技术包括</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的发现、执行和组合的自动化。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>2.1 Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">服务发现自动化</SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务基本构架，包括</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务提供者（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">service provider</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）、服务请求者（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">service requester</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）和服务代理（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">service broker</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）等三个参与者以及参与者之间的发布（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">publish</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）、查找（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">find</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）和绑定（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">bind</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">）等三个操作。而</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所谓</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发现，就是客户以某种方式在许多已发布的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务中查找到其想要的服务，以执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务请求。传统的服务发现技术一方面需要人的参与，增加了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发现的成本和难度；另一方面，它是通过精确匹配实现的（例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），不能较好地支持基于概率和语义约束的模糊匹配，使得服务执行的整个过程受到影响，而且语义冲突问题（对于同一服务在不同站点上实现了不同接口）也没有可行的解决方案。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发现自动化是指程序自动寻找和获取适当的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务或组合，对其进行基于概率和语义约束的模糊匹配，让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务或组合符合需求，过程中不需要人的干预，从而提高了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务质量，节省了成本以及使得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务或组合具有更高的灵活性。例如，客户</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">可能提出如下要求：想买一张</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="3" Month="10" Year="2004" w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">的从西安开往上海的火车票，并通过招商银行的“一卡通”来支付。如果使用</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统的服务发现技术，则客户首先需要使用搜索引擎通过一些关键字列出那些和关键字匹配的网页和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，然后再逐一检查这些网页和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务是否有满足需求。而如果使用自动化的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发现技术，则客户只需告诉代理程序一些必要的信息，然后代理程序可以自动的定位到适当的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，并告诉客户其详细信息。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>2.2 Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">服务执行自动化</SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">找到适当的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务后，就可以执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务请求了。传统的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务执行过程中需要人的干预。事实上，完成一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务执行通常会有很多的客户与服务之间的交互。例如在上述例子中，当找到了一个满足要求的买火车票的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务后，它可能要求客户填一些表格，然后按下“提交”按钮来执行请求。这些过程都需要人来理解执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务所需要的信息，以及解析执行后返回的信息。而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务执行自动化是指程序或者代理自动执行一个已经定义好的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务或组合，并在执行过程中对其进行监控，而且对于那些复杂的、需要长时间运行过程的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务或组合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，还可以跟踪每个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务及其相关组件的执行状态。所以，要完成买火车票的任务，客户只需将带语义（买火车票）的请求提交给代理，那么代理就可以自动和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务交互：代入正确的输入，并理解返回信息，同时监控执行过程。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>2.3 Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">服务组合自动化</SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于各种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务可能是运行在各种异构系统中，以不同的方式创建、用不同程序语言实现、由不同供应商提供的，那么服务的请求需要根据特定的应用背景和需求进行合理的服务组合；另外，为了可重用性，基本服务（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">elementary service</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）不可能很复杂。因此需要按照一定的粒度进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的组合。传统的方法是客户端根据需要人为的选择一些合适的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，然后定义这些</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务之间的交互过程，并对其进行硬编码来完成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合。这样做使得</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合是不灵活和难以维护的。例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">WSCI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">BPEL4WS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">都对如何将多个基本服务组合成一个复杂服务做了描述，但都仍然是语法级别的，做不到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的自动组合。而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合自动化是指程序或代理自动挑选、组装和配合适当的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务来完成任务，而只需用户在高层次上给出一个格式正规的任务描述即可。</SPAN></P>
<H3 style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务</SPAN></FONT></H3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">事实上，以现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术不能完全实现上述三种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务自动化。其根本原因是现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务缺少语义信息。现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">XML</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进行交互，却只能保证语法的互操作性。通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">XML</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务提供者和请求者相互之间传递消息，但由于缺少语义，导致计算机程序不能真正的“理解”消息内容的含义，不能进行自动化处理。因此需要在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务中引入语义。而语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为此提供了支持。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>3.1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到目前为止，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大多数开发成为人们阅读文档的媒体，而在提供可自动处理的数据和信息方面，则发展较慢。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tim Berners-Lee</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的创始人以及当前</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">W<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="3" UnitName="C">3C</st1:chmetcnv></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的总裁，在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年首次提出了语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的概念，对其描述如下：“一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数据库，某种意义上就像一个全球数据库。”基本的思想就是一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在那里远程主机可以以有意义的方式进行交谈，而不仅仅是请求</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">HTML</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页面。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">研究的主要目的，就是扩展当前的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">WWW</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，使得网络中尽可能多的信息都是具有语义的，是计算机能够理解和处理的，便于人和计算机，计算机和计算机之间的交互与合作。其研究重点就是如何把信息表示为计算机能够理解和处理的形式，即带有语义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Tim Berners-Lee</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">给出了语义网中的层次关系——基于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">XML</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">RDF/RDFS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，并在此之上构建</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（本体）和逻辑推理规则，以完成基于语义的知识表示和推理，从而能够为计算机所理解和处理。一些用来创建</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的语言也相继出现，例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML+OIL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">OWL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></P>
<H4 style="MARGIN: 14pt 0cm 14.5pt"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>3.2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">服务：将语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>Web</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">服务相结合</SPAN></FONT></H4>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">现有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务缺少明显的语义，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务之间不能很好的理解其相互传递的消息，因而不能实行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的发现、执行和组合自动化。而语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的共同目标都是通过利用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上人和机器都能够存取的内容，创建智能自动服务及商务处理基础设施。因此考虑以上二者的结合，实现功能互补是一种自然的选择。基于语义的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务可以做到：</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">（1）<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">明确描述和推理事务之间的联系和规则；</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">（2）<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">明确描述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务所执行的任务，实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务发现的自动化；</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">（3）<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务所执行过程中进行监控，并随时自动进行调整，实现执行自动化；</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 57.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT face="Times New Roman">（4）<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将简单</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务组合成为复杂</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，并实现自动化组合。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和形式语言来推理服务描述、消息内容、商业法则以及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间的联系。目前用来实现语义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的主要方法是</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。下面来看一下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如何实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务自动化。</SPAN></P>
<H3 style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm"><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">服务自动化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H3>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">BBN</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、卡耐基梅隆大学、诺基亚、斯坦福大学以及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">SRI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等一些组织和大学实验室联合在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML+OIL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基础上创建的，用来定义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">允许</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务提供者使用一种标记语言，以非二义性的、计算机可解释的方式来描述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的属性和能力，以及如何与它交互。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ontology</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结构包括</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">部分：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Grounding</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">描述了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的性能和服务提供者信息，类似于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">WSDL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，但描述信息具有语义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">规定了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务所完成的所有任务、执行任务的顺序以及完成各个任务的结果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的功能类似于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">WSCI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">BPEL4WS</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，但是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">更关注于执行一个服务的不同组件的效果。而</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Grounding</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则规定了客户端程序或代理如何访问</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务，包括使用的协议、端口以及输入输出的定义等等。总之，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Profile</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的发现提供了信息，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Process Model</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Service Grounding</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则一同告诉代理如何来使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务。图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务构架。如图所示，让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结合已有的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务构架（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">SOAP</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">WSDL</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">UDDI</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）可以实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务的发现、执行和组合自动化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"></v:path><o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:lock></v:shapetype><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><A href="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/2005125145724667.JPG" target=_blank><IMG onmousewheel="return bbimg(this)" title=点击在新窗口查看原始图片 style="BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #000000; WIDTH: 382px; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #000000; ZOOM: 90%; HEIGHT: 301px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #000000" height=236 src="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/2005125145724667.JPG" width=284 onload="java_script_:if(this.width>500)this.width=500" border=0></A></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN><STRONG>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>：使用<FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Web</FONT>服务构架<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></STRONG></SPAN>&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN><STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></STRONG></SPAN><A href="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/2005125145926373.JPG" target=_blank><IMG onmousewheel="return bbimg(this)" title=点击在新窗口查看原始图片 style="BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #000000; WIDTH: 411px; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #000000; ZOOM: 80%; HEIGHT: 322px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #000000" height=259 src="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/2005125145926373.JPG" width=254 onload="java_script_:if(this.width>500)this.width=500" border=0></A></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10pt; mso-char-indent-count: .95"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">图</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">DAML-S</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">匹配引擎结构</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P>From: <A href="http://www.xml.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=holysword&amp;id=2326">http://www.xml.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=holysword&amp;id=2326</A></P>]]></description>
</item><item>
<title><![CDATA[计算技术的过去、现在与未来]]></title>
<link>http://blogger.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=alandun&amp;id=12121</link>
<author>alandun</author>
<pubDate>2006/3/1 12:31:39</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P>计算技术的过去、现在与未来<BR><FONT size=3><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 人类是在实践中不断认识世界的，一般的实践领域包括模型理论、应用系统和工程技术3个相互关联的部分。具体到计算机软件领域来讲，就是图灵机模型、计算机应用系统和软件工程与程序设计的3个方面。<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图灵机可以表示为Turing's machine = （输入变量，输出变量，加工程序，内部状态）。其中输入变量又称输入集合，集合是变量的变化范围；同样输出变量也叫输出集合；加工程序就是著名的算法，内部状态就是著名的数据结构。一种简单的图灵机要特别单独研究，即无内部状态的模型</FONT><FONT size=3>Turing's machine‘ = （输入变量，输出变量，加工程序）。</FONT><FONT size=3>计算机应用系统就是我们针对具体应用问题而实现的解决方案。如何实现？从理论到方案之间必需要工程化技术，这就是软件工程与程序设计的领域了。总结在下图“认识与实践的</FONT><FONT size=3>‘</FONT><FONT size=3>三角形</FONT><FONT size=3>’</FONT><FONT size=3>”里。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG style="BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #000000" src="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/200631124450936.BMP" border=0><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 关于图灵机模型的研究主要是Turing本人的贡献，其他人的东西至多可以浏览一下，参考参考。可惜国内的读者知道的不多，一则不象国外到处都有原著经典，二则国内不重视学习创新者。整个上图的计算机软件领域里，起作用的就是工程技术了，我们大量学习的就是软件工程。软件工程的目标是获得主要以算法和数据结构表达的应用系统，而软件工程的方法论、即工具，就是软件语言，如UML（统一模块语言）以及Basic、C、Java等众多的程序设计语言。可以说语言是计算表达的唯一方式。<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 语言就是符号系统，与在人类长期发展中</FONT><FONT size=3>演化而来的</FONT><FONT size=3>自然语言的符号系统具有复杂、现象和片段性不同，软件语言都是根据图灵机模型构造出来的计算机工程工具，简单、规则和统一。在近代以Morris等开始的研究符号语言规律的语法学里，软件语言属于语义学语言，即类似于英语的从有限集合的字母、由字母有限组合为单词、由单词有限组合为语句、由语句有限组合为文章的符号系统结构，软件高级程序设计语言总是从有限集合的关键字、由关键字有限组合为结构化的程序语句、由程序语句有限组合为函数过程或对象等基本模块、由基本模块有限组合为软件应用系统。<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 下面揭示软件工程的边界、即局限性</FONT><FONT size=3>问题</FONT><FONT size=3>。软件工程就是根据用户需求的客观事物逻辑，用软件语言表达出来的应用系统。先有用户事物，后有软件系统；用户需求决定软件系统。但是用户需求不是固定的一成不变的，而是不断变化发展的，导致软件系统也应当不断维护升级。当软件工程技术发展到一定阶段，接近成熟的时候，这种由于事物变化而导致的系统维护升级的矛盾就突出表现出来了。因此前些年IBM就提出了“随需应变”等口号，其它机构也有类似做法，说明他们都意识到了这个问题。一个叫Brooks的图灵奖获得者在1986年给出了“软件怪兽”和“没有银弹”的</FONT><FONT size=3>著名论断，说的就是这个问题。最近几年火热的“网格计算”等也是针对的这个问题，中科院计算所的徐志伟老师在领导实践了织女星网格计划之后，也于2003年底得出了同样的“计算机领域面临革命性变革”的结论。<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 人们至今没有解决这个问题，以Foster领头的Globus小组的“网格计算</FONT><FONT size=3>项目</FONT><FONT size=3>”在风光了两年后，旋即销声匿迹了。我们虽然知道微软等巨头们早就在行动了，但它们只字不提，闷声研究，我们就不得而知了。IBM改变前几年的“随需应变”和“网格计算”的口号为最近1年来的“服务科学”，我认为IBM应该是找到解决这个问题的窍门了：服务离不开社会，IBM在实现虚拟社会。但IBM在去年放出“服务科学”的屁后，就再也不肯说出里面的理论模型和工程方法论了，唯一可能</FONT><FONT size=3>的</FONT><FONT size=3>解释是IBM还没有准备好。<BR></FONT><FONT size=3><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 好的猎人总是能够从猎物遗留的气味中判断出猎物的种类来，我们不应该满足于闻闻IBM的“服务科学”屁声，更应当探索和揭示里面的道道--究竟是吃了什么样的“食物”后才能放出这样的“屁”来呢？<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; “用户事物的发展变化导致计算系统的维护升级”，是我们面临的下一个计算问题。如果用户事物不变化，那么计算系统就不必升级。在数学里，通常设定这个变化为一个微小变量得尔它（dlta），通过对这个微小变量</FONT><FONT size=3>得尔它（dlta）的研究，往往可以揭示出一个更加高级的数学理论。如微积分，就是研究曲线</FONT><FONT size=3>微小变量得尔它（dlta）的规律而获得的</FONT><FONT size=3>高等数学的基础理论。</FONT><FONT size=3>如果我们找出用户事物的变化规律，就可以揭示计算系统升级的规律，从而获得计算系统的升级方法论，最终在更高一个抽象级别上实现了新一代的计算系统。<BR><BR></FONT><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 用户事物不是孤立存在的，它的变化发展是受到其存在的环境影响的，普遍联系的哲学原理恰当地揭示了事物的变化发展规律。“事物之间的联系是物质的、客观的、可以通过观察得到的、而不是您脑子里臆想的东西”。Petri早在1963年就“用计算机科学的语言揭示出了这个物理理论”，被称为Petri网理论（Petri nets theory）。完整的Petri网论也包括与上图相仿的</FONT><FONT size=3>“认识与实践的</FONT><FONT size=3>‘</FONT><FONT size=3>三角形</FONT><FONT size=3>’</FONT><FONT size=3>”，收录在下图里。<BR></FONT><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG style="BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #000000; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #000000" src="http://blogger.org.cn/blog/uploadfile/200631124637892.BMP" border=0></FONT><BR><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Petri是物理学家，现在已经80高龄了，他现在不能够亲自实现这个工程化技术了，但是他在过去的40多年里已经全部深入地给出了网论的三个方面。博客（http://blog.donews.com/ygzw/）里试图阐述清楚的就是这个叫“虚拟社会”的工程技术--“语用网和计算自然语言（Pragmatic Network/Web &amp; Natrual Languge Computing）”。</FONT><FONT size=3><BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 计算机的未来将毫无疑问地集中于此，有人曾经预测这个技术市场的规模是20万亿美金。我们下一步该做什么了呢？我真的迷惘了。</FONT></P>
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<P><A href="http://blog.donews.com/ygzw/archive/2006/03/01/747953.aspx">http://blog.donews.com/ygzw/archive/2006/03/01/747953.aspx</A></P>
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<title><![CDATA[这是俺的第一篇日志]]></title>
<link>http://blogger.org.cn/blog/more.asp?name=alandun&amp;id=12006</link>
<author>alandun</author>
<pubDate>2006/2/24 19:36:47</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[<P>今天第一次来到这里，以后有空一定常来看看！</P>]]></description>
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